As a philosophical and spiritual concept, Light is unambiguous, It symbolizes awareness, understanding, and compassion. Consider this passage, for example, from the First Epistle of John (ch. 2 KJV):

He that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in darkness even until now. He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion of stumbling in him.  But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes.

Notice also in this passage that darkness is a metaphor for the absence of light: the absence of awareness, the absence of understanding, the absence of compassion. We could argue that hate is a positive force like love. But I believe we would lose that argument. What we call hate is rooted in the self-centered indifference to the pain and suffering of others. It is the condition that prevails in the absence of awareness, understanding, and love, in much the same way that darkness is the way we experience the absence of light or that cold the way we experience the absence of warmth.

Cultural Potluck

I chanced to see a bit of the Wendy Williams show this morning in which Wendy seemed upset with people who appropriate the culture of others. The context was Justin Timberlake's performance at the Super Bowl last Sunday. I think she meant Justin was acting black.

I think of Western culture as being a cultural potluck. It's a cultural melting pot too. But the concepts are a little different. In the melting pot we all bring something to the feast and cook it all down to a single stew in which the distinctiveness of the diverse contributions is lost. But in the potluck, we value the distinctiveness of the diverse contributions, though we still combine them in a single presentation for everyone to enjoy and celebrate.

What would you think of a family that brings their dish to the potluck, but objects to anyone else "appropriating" anything from their dish? This is what in the Baptist church of my youth we would have called "being out of fellowship". It's especially bothersome if the same family feels perfectly free to take what they want from what other families have brought to the table.

But to be fair, maybe I have the analogy wrong. I know people who "own" certain dishes at an annual potluck event. Someone always brings a particular casserole or dessert, for example, and they get upset if anyone else brings their version of that same dish. But ego issues aside, is it really bad to have two versions of broccoli and rice casserole? Or of pineapple and coconut cake?

Remember that when we speak of "culture" we are talking about practically everything--language,  cuisine, music, painting, sculpture, dance, literature, clothing styles and so on. It's only natural and healthy that we adopt (and adapt) elements from the cultural expressions of other groups than our own. It's something to be proud of if an element of your group's culture becomes generally appreciated and adopted or imitated.

So what is the basis of this objection to Justin Timberlake acting black? Well maybe Justin's hiphop moves were not very genuine I suppose (if that's what he was trying to do--I don't know). Eminem, on the other hand, hits the rap nail right on the head in my opnion. Do we also object to his "appropriation" of black culture?  I wonder what this is all about.

Sticks and Stones

I don't believe it's really true, the old saying about "sticks and stones...."  Let's suppose for a moment that we had a way to literally weigh the damage done  in the history of our species that can be attributed indirectly to verbal provocation plus the damage caused directly by words that destroy reputations, undermine relationships, and generally stir the pot of discord. Then suppose we could compare that to the weight of the damage done by physical violence unprovoked by verbal assaults. I believe the damage attributable to the former would be a great deal heavier than the damage attributable to the latter.

I used to think that people who were upset by the use of curse words and so-called vulgar expressions just needed to grow up. I think differently now. Words in themselves are not evil or good, it's true. But the fact is they can be used for either. "A soft answer turns away wrath: but grievous words stir up anger." (Proverbs, 15:1) Those words were written over 2000 years ago. Some things, indeed, do not change.

The Buddhist meditation group I led in New Orleans for over 17 years started every service with a recitation of the Five Buddhist Precepts. The fourth (as we recited it in Blue Iris Sangha) went like this: "Being mindful of suffering caused by careless or malicious speech, we are determined to use words to heal the wounds of misunderstanding, anger, hate, and fear." 

The other precepts had to do with killing, stealing, sexual infidelity, and intoxication (of mind and body). My guess is that a violation of the Fourth Precept was more often than not involved in a violation of any of the others. This is because our world is not ultimately one of sticks and stones, that is, of atoms and molecules, of material substances. Ultimately this is a world of thoughts and emotions -- a world of feelings.  In fact if you think about it, what do we know of sticks and stones? Nothing but what we can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell. In other words, what we call sticks and stones (and what we call everything else that we believe is something material that exists outside our minds) is only known to us through our sense experience. And sense experience is something that happens in our minds!

Of course we can argue that there has to be something objective that exists separately from our consciousness of it. But we have no evidence of this. In fact, if you see something unusual -- let's say a UFO -- what is the first question everyone asks? Are you the only one who saw it? Right? Reality, you see, is a matter of majority opinion. So what we call objective reality is more accurately called inter-subjective reality. All reality is subjective. Some of it is simply subjective (including such things as hallucinations and dreams) and some of it is inter-subjective -- that is, a part of everyone's subjective experience, at least, everyone who has similarly-functioning sense organs.

A few years ago, I published a novella (The Dreamers of Ourdh, Great Way Publishing, 2013) in which the two lead characters -- Arenh and Mikah -- live in a human colony on an alien world named Ourdh. This world is also inhabited by a mysterious species of telepathic beings called the "Dreamers". When Arenh and Mikah eventually meet one of the Dreamers (which we discover is the same as meeting all the Dreamers), they ask her who the Dreamers are. She replied, "The Dreamers are what you are. We are all dreamers, and all these worlds are our dreams."  Later Mikah and Arenh were talking about what she meant, and Arenh said, "If I understood the Dreamers, Mikah, nothing exists outside our heads, and that includes our heads!  'All these worlds are our dreams'." Mikah said, "Do you think they were denying the reality of the external world?" To which Arenh replied, "No, I think they were denying the externality of the real world." Mikah said, "Hold that thought! I don't want it to get loose and start running around in my mind."

It is a challenging thought. It means we are -- together with all other conscious beings -- responsible for this world that we experience together. That doesn't mean one of us can magically make everything different. The mind is like an ocean, and each of is like a tiny wave -- or even a tiny part of a wave -- on its surface. But it does mean that if we all could somehow reach consensus that the world will be different, so it would be.

Coming to such a consensus to change the world in some way would, of course, be miraculous. You may not believe in miracles, but there is an ideal that has been growing for centuries that, if it continues to grow, could become such a miracle. In The Dreamers of Ourdh, I refer to it (speaking in the character of the Dreamers) as "the Great Dream, the Dream of the Holy Mountain." The allusion is to a saying from The Prophecy of Isaiah that appears twice  (Isaiah 11: 9 and 65:25): "They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my Holy Mountain." 

I think of this Great Dream as the Will of God. When I pray the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6) -- especially the line that reads, "Thy Kingdom come, thy Will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven" -- it's this Dream I mean. I believe if it were to become the heartfelt desire of every conscious being in the world, it would become reality. But I think it's unlikely to happen so long as most of us believe that this is a world of sticks and stones.

What we believe makes a difference because it influences what we feel. And what we feel makes all the difference in the world.

The Mirror Wisdom

I'm getting together a half dozen or so verses -- I hesitate to call them poems -- that I've written through the years with the intention to publish them as a Kindle booklet in the near future. It's something that may or may not happen -- like all things in the future.  In any case, each little verse would be published with a commentary, which I call a "Contemplation". One of these verses is the one that appears under the title of this blog and which I first published in a meditation manual entitled Breath-centered Consciousness: The Way of Equanimity (Booksurge 2008). [2018 NOTE: It's also published to my Medium.com page under the title: The Way of Silence. Here it is properly formatted and followed by the Contemplation related to it.

No longer seeking to know the truth

nor trying to understand with words,

I only sit

and listen to the sounds of wind in the trees

and watch the shadows of the evening

lengthen into night.

CONTEMPLATION

The truth as something expressed in words is a static unchanging thing. But the truth as a synonym of reality is a dynamic process. And yet there is also in reality a sense of something that does not change. It’s like a mirror. The reflections in the mirror continually change. But the mirror itself does not. Now imagine the mirror is not a physical artifact that exists in the same way as the things it reflects. Imagine the mirror is instead an invisible, intangible capacity or power to reflect things. Now ask yourself: does the mirror change or does it not? Apart from the reflections, the mirror is for all practical purposes not there. But to identify the unchanging capacity with the fleeting ever-changing reflections would be wrong. The Diamond Sutra says, “truth is uncontainable and inexpressible. It neither is nor is it not.” (A. F. Price translation, ch. 7).

The Power of Cooperation

The power of one group of living beings relative to another is, I believe, directly related to the capacity of the group members to cooperate with each other and the capacity of the group as a whole to cooperate with other groups.  Groups of individuals are bound together by some common need. We often speak of that as a common goal or interest, but I think it’s more accurate to think of such common interests and goals as needs common to all members of the group. The most basic needs – for food, shelter, safety, and support in times of sickness and danger – are the most powerful needs. Such needs are what hold our most natural groups together – those of family, clan, tribe, and nation.

My studies in graduate school (Tulane School of Social Work) were concentrated in small group behavior. And during my years of work as a clinical social worker, I came to see that where a group member fits on the continuum of cooperation – from little or no capacity for cooperation to a great deal – is a measure of that person’s influence and power in the group. I was amused at times at how some people considered themselves highly cooperative, but actually they had no such capacity at all. The only people who could work with them were people who were willing to let them have their way.

Nevertheless, there are times when a person with little or no capacity for cooperation can rise to a position of great power -- usually times of great stress and danger. People look for a strong leader when they are afraid,  and it's easy to mistake an extremely willful and self-centered person for a strong leader. Actually, however, such a person is simply a bully -- or (on a larger scale) a tyrant or dictator. True leadership involves the capacity to woo others into devoting their time, resources, and talents to the accomplishment of group goals. Such leadership requires the capacity to see our connectedness to others and to help others towards similar insight.

Consciousness of our connectedness to others is the absolute basis for our cooperation with them. We are all ultimately in the same boat. That is the basis of our connectedness. If I realize this I know that a hole in your end of the boat is also a hole in mine. But if I don't realize it, I foolishly believe I can let your end sink and still keep mine afloat.

While consciousness of our connectedness is basic to cooperation, the capacity to cooperate is also dependent on two other skills: communication and compromise. In undergraduate school at Louisiana College (a Baptist school in Central Louisiana), I took a class in public speaking in which the  professor believed that communication is actually quite rare. He told us to say everything three times—tell people what you’re going to tell them in a quick summary, then actually tell them in a more detailed explanation of no more than three points, and then tell them what you told them in a quick recap. If you do this carefully and clearly and the people you’re talking to actually listen (which rarely happens), about 50% of them may understand about 30% of what you are trying to say -- but are likely to retain only a small fraction of that. Those may not be the exact percentages he used, but I believe he was more or less inventing the math to make a point. And it was a pessimistic point I thought.  I think communication happens more frequently than he supposed. And the problems we face in interpersonal relationships are not always because we fail to communicate, but sometimes because we succeed more than we intended. Whether good communication promotes cooperation depends on whether those communicating are grounded in the fundamental awareness of our connectedness.

In any case, there can be no cooperation without communication. And the capacity to compromise is just as vital. Compromise is nothing more than the ability to give up some of what I want so that you can get some of what you want, and -- more important than either of those -- so that both of us can get what we need to survive.

In this election year (2016), I find it useful to rate the major players in terms of their awareness of our connectedness as individuals and nations and their capacity to compromise, to communicate, and to cooperate. Those ratings say more of what kind of leader a person is going to be than the positions he or she may take with respect to the major economic, social, and political issues facing us as a nation and as members of the world community.

An Eternal Law

According to social exchange theory, you continue in a relationship because the rewards for maintaining the relationship are more than the costs. I first met this theory through the work of two social psychologists named John Thibaut and Harold Kelley. They weren’t the originators of the idea, but they did much to advance it as a tool for understanding relationships.

The idea that human relationships are driven by a more or less unconscious process of cost versus benefit analysis seemed to me at first to be a grim and pessimistic view of human nature. What about people like Mother Teresa? Are they motivated primarily by concerns of “What’s in it for me”? What about philanthropists? Are they motivated by selfish needs to impress others by their goodness? Or by needs for a tax write off?  Does no one do anything or maintain any relationship simply because they love someone else?

I remember a neighbor of mine in New Orleans who fed cats. She always had 20 or 30 lounging around in her yard and on her porch. Some neighbors had complained about it.  “I guess you wonder, too, why I do it," she told me. She continued on to say she believed when she stands before the Pearly Gates, St. Peter is not going to turn someone away "who has been kind to God’s little creatures".  I didn’t really believe it. I believed she was motivated by love. But  she felt that would not be understood by most people, so she offered the kind of reason she thought they would believe . Her estimate of human nature appeared to be quite low.

As I’ve grown older, I’ve come also to accept the idea that most if not all behavior is motivated by selfish concerns. But I have come to see that some people have a much larger sense of self than others. I think of the word self as referring to the sphere of our concern: the sphere that contains everyone we care about, everything that is important to us, everything that matters. If our sphere of concern is very small, people say we are very selfish. If our sphere of concern is very large, people say we are kind and considerate of the needs of others.

But what if our sphere of concern becomes so large that no one and nothing is excluded? At that point the difference between self and other disappears and concepts such as self, no-self, selfish and selfless have no meaning. There's a verse in chapter 10 of the Diamond Sutra that is variously translated, but which I think is about this issue. My favorite translation/paraphrase goes something like this: "The Buddha said to Subhuti, "What would you think of a person whose sense of self is larger than Mount Meru [the legendary foundation of the universe]? Would you say such a large self is great?" Subhuti answered, "Yes, Blessed One, such a large self would be great because the Buddha has taught us that such a great self is the same as no self."

In those moments of true love, those moments in which we become aware of our connection to everyone and all that is, we transcend the distinction between self and other. We feel we are part of  one Great Self (or Non-Self) that is all-inclusive. I doubt that anyone lives for very long in that state of awareness. But I think many people have a glimpse of it from time to time. And I think that for all of us, it is our ultimate home. And the more often we visit that state of all-encompassing love, the happier we will be in this very selfish and cruel world. That may seem like a contradiction, an impossibility. But I think it is a fact. “Hate,” the Buddha said, “is not overcome by hate. Hate is overcome by love. This is an eternal law.”  (Dhammapada, v. 5)

To Be Or Not To Be Is Not the Question

Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness by Bruce Rosenblum

My rating: 5 of 5 stars

I've read this book several times, first edition and second. It's not really hard to understand at all. The authors have a clear and to-the-point writing style--unusually entertaining for a non-fiction idea-oriented book of this sort. It is hard to accept. What it says is so disturbing to the prevailing world-view that I'm sure many people just shut it out by saying, "Oh this is too hard to understand." That means they've probably understood. Other readers may say, "This is all old-hat. Nothing new here--it's boring." That's probably someone who doesn't understand what the book is saying. 

The quantum experiments are about as simple in principle as it's possible to be--although some of them may require some awfully hi-tech equipment to conduct. So you don't need much if any math to understand this book. It's more about the implications of the experiments. What kind of world is this? Is it real? What does "real" mean? Do things have any separate existence? How can things that have no known physical connection still be connected (even at vast distances) in some weird mysterious way? How can things exist in different and even opposing states depending on how they are observed? How can the fact of being observed affect the values of the properties being measured?

I won't promise that you will find the answers to all these questions in this book. But I think you may learn more about what the questions are and how to ask them. Perhaps better than I have.  Knowing how to ask a question is, I believe, a large part of finding the answer.

Metta Practice as Metapractice

There is only one "I" that looks through all the eyes in the world. If you understand that saying, you understand what I mean by metta.

According to Narada Maha Thera: 

Metta embraces all beings without exception. The culmination of Metta is the identification of oneself with all beings....Metta is the sincere wish for the good and welfare of all. It discards illwill. --Narada, A Manual of Abhidhamma (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Buddhist Missionary Society, Fourth Revised Edition, 1979), 114.

When we identify with some other being, we in some way become the same as that other being. In metta, we become the same in some way with all beings. When we see someone in tears, for example, we see these tears as our own. If they are tears of joy, we feel the joy as being our own. If they are tears of sorrow, we feel the sorrow as being our own.

I led a meditation group called Blue Iris Sangha that met on Monday nights for 17 years in New Orleans. The group closed each meditation session with a period of metta practice in which we shared our concerns for the welfare of others. Participants were invited to mention anyone--a relative, a friend, a neighbor, a pet, a stray dog or cat, a co-worker--any one or anything they were concerned about. 

We often remembered those who were sick or in grief. But sometimes we also remembered those experiencing something fresh, something beautiful, something wonderful (a new job, a new baby, a new insight). In any case, we "held them in the light of loving awareness" as some people liked to put it. It became our way of prayer. 

And for some of us, expanding our awareness of the needs and concerns of those around us became a way of life. I don't think any of us claimed to live up to this ideal all the time or even most of the time. But some of us did recognize that when we were in this state of awareness that reached out to include the needs and interests of those around us--and only then--were we really and truly alive in the fullest sense of that word.  In this way, metta practice became metapractice.

Metapractice is what is beyond practice. If you are practicing playing the piano, metapractice is the recital. If you are practicing to run a marathon, the marathon is metapractice. But notice that the two aren't really different with respect to what we are doing, Practice is just a structured period in which we develop skills and habits we need for the metapractice--the main event. When we practice running a race we do that by running. When we practice for a piano recital, we do that by playing the piano. And when we do metta practice, we do that by practicing metta.

Metta practice, however, is a little different from these other types of practice I've compared it to. With metta practice, the main event begins the moment your period of practice ends--the moment you get up from your chair or cushion--and it lasts until you sit down again for another session of practice.

At the end of each period of metta practice in Blue Iris Sangha, we all recited this excerpt together from the Metta Sutta, which is one of the most ancient of Buddhist scriptures and one of the greatest prayers ever prayed:

May all beings be happy and safe

and may their hearts be filled with joy.

May all beings live in security and peace --

whether weak or strong,

large or small,

near or far away,

visible or invisible,

already born or yet to be born --

may all of them dwell in perfect tranquility.

Attention and Intention

Attention is closely related to intention. Intention includes some of the meanings of the words will, volition, and purpose. According to the Buddhists, an action in the present doesn’t influence one’s spiritual destiny unless the action is intentional. Such intentional action became known as karma.

If I’m walking in my garden, for example, and I accidentally step on a snail and kill it, this action is not karmic. However, if I see the snail (that is, if it becomes an object of my attention), and I step on it on purpose, as we usually say, the action is karmic. That is, its influence propagates like a wave into future states of consciousness. Buddhists believe we will meet with the effects of this action again in a kind of moral or ethical version of Newton’s Third Law of Motion: “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.” Or as the popular version puts it: “What goes around, comes around.”

The situation with karma is more complicated than that described by the laws of motion, however. What if the snail in question had been injured already and appeared to be trapped in a hopeless state of suffering, and my intention in stepping on it was merciful? Should our concern be for the bare facts of what happened (physically and biologically) as a result of the action? Or is the intent of the action the matter of concern?

I was confronted with these questions once when I was walking through Jackson Square in front of St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans. There on the burning hot sidewalk in the hundred-degree heat was a baby pigeon with no feathers who had fallen from its nest high on the wall of the cathedral. It was dehydrated, infected with pox, and severely wounded by the fall. To make matters worse, it was being devoured alive by fire ants. Its condition was clearly terminal and hopeless. All that remained was senseless suffering. I gently knocked the ants off, put it into a paper bag that I found lying nearby, and took it home. There I gave it water. It drank and drank and drank. Then I bathed it, and when this morsel of consciousness had relaxed and fallen asleep, I ended its precious little life. Instantly and intentionally. With tears in my eyes. And with the hope and prayer that its passing had been quick and painless. It had suffered enough for several lifetimes.

So, you see, intention is a profound phenomenon. It’s like a portal into a multidimensional world of motives and emotions that co-exists in parallel to the world of sensory perception. In the world of sensory perception, where attention operates, two events may appear to be identical (man steps on snail and kills it). But they may be entirely different in the world of intention, emotion, and motivation. And yet attention and intention are inseparable aspects of a single event. We usually make our judgments about things from the external appearances. But we have recognized for many centuries that intention must also be considered, “As a man thinks in his heart, so is he,” [Proverbs 23:7]

Some people think that meditation involves paying attention without having any intentions involved in the process. I have serious doubts that’s possible. One may enter a trance state in which attention may be present and intention may not be apparent. But my guess is that intention is still hiding in there somewhere. But if it is possible to separate attention from intention, I doubt that the resulting state of consciousness would be a functional one. In the ordinary states of awareness that are required for survival, I believe attention and intention are inseparable.

That intention is impossible apart from attention seems self-evident to me. I saw many people walk by the little pigeon in Jackson Square without noticing it at all. They had no intention with respect to the little bird because they paid no attention to it. Many of these people probably were aware of the bird at a deep level of consciousness. But they were victims of what Harry Stack Sullivan called selective inattention. The sight was too disturbing for them to allow themselves to notice it. In any case, it’s easy to see that intention cannot occur apart from attention.

It’s taken me longer to see that attention does not occur aMedium.com part from intention. Intention is what directs attention. If attention is the car, intention is the driver. I’m not sure if Sullivan thought inattention is always selective, but I do. And if inattention is selective, then attention certainly is too. Those are just positive and negative ways of conceptualizing the same selection process. And the selection process is directed and controlled by our intentions. And these intentions are shaped by our values — by what is important to us.

If all this has seemed a bit of a rough ride to you so far, my apologies. And hold on to your hat. We have one last little bump coming up. While intentions are certainly shaped by our values, this happens because of the emotions aroused by those values in response to what we perceive happening around us (the objects of our attention). In turn, those perceptions (and the emotions aroused by our values in response to them) can change our values!

So, when I say (as I often do) that meditation is not so much about what we pay attention to as it is about how we pay attention, I am talking about those streams of intention and emotion that run alongside of or within the world of attention. In meditation, we not only look outward at the objects of attention in the world of sensory perception, but also inward at that world of emotion and intention that is directing our attention. That’s why we call meditation the practice of mindful awareness. Mindful awareness is complete awareness — the whole picture. But remember Lao-Tzu’s admonition: “When the whole is divided, the parts needs names. . . . Knowing when to stop averts trouble.” (Ch 32, paraphrase of Gia Fu-Feng/ Jane English translation).

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This past was updated and re-written as a Medium.com article June 25, 2025. The post here has been updated to reflect the version on Medium.

The Light Shines In the Darkness

Think of consciousness as working  like a flashlight (or torch as the British would say) -- one that you rotate the lens cell to focus the beam. Rotate the lens in one direction and the beam becomes broad and dim like a floodlight. Rotate it in the other and the beam becomes narrow and bright like a spotlight.

We need the broad dim floodlight type of awareness to gain perspective, to see the big picture, to make sure we don't miss something important in the peripheral areas of our sphere of awareness. We need the narrow bright  spotlight to zoom in on something that appears important to us so that we can see it in detail and understand it better.

In our normal state of consciousness we move continuously between these two ways of focusing awareness  with most of our time being spent in between the two extremes. Some people have deficiencies of certain neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) that make proper control and direction of attention difficult or impossible. People who suffer from such disorders may not be able to focus attention properly into that bright spotlight or they  may get stuck in the other extreme -- unable to see the big picture. In the latter case, they may get sucked so totally into one small task that they lose perspective and work very hard to achieve very little. They may set out to put their cluttered living quarters in order, for example, and work very hard all day moving this over here and that over there. But at the end of the day, though everything may be in a different place, the overall state of clutter remains unchanged.

I mention all this because one of the things I want to talk about  is the practice of meditation. And the practice of meditation is essentially the practice of paying attention. It's not so much about what we pay attention to as how we pay attention. How we pay attention does eventually affect, however, what attracts our attention, and therefore does change what we pay attention to. But this is not the direct result of meditation practice. Meditation is not about training yourself to pay attention to certain things and not to others. Meditation changes what you pay attention to because it changes what is important to you.  Your attention is directed by what is important to you. What is important to you is a matter of your values. If your values don't change, no matter how much you practice meditation, nothing of any consequence really changes.

Meditation isn't likely to solve the problems of those suffering from attention deficit disorders related to the neurotransmitter problems mentioned previously. While meditation practice may help people with such disorders, it will be of more benefit after they consult a  psychiatrist or psychopharmacologist and restore neurotransmitters to proper levels.  Meditation practice is intended primarily for those  in the state of functional unhappiness we call  normal.

Beyond the Last Rung

Ludwig Wittgenstein published Tractatus  Logico-Philosophicus in 1922. It shook the world of philosophy, which was already in the middle of an intellectual earthquake with the publication of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915 and (as if that were not enough) the explosion of quantum theory that followed in the 1920s. After the dust had settled at the corner of Academia Avenue and Intelligentsia Boulevard, the wise folks there began the task of writing a memo to the rest of us. A century later, unfortunately, the dust clouds are still swirling over the rest of us and large segments of the population, particularly those dominated by the "religions of the Book", have yet to get the memo -- or if they got it, they don't really get it.

But back to Tractatus. It's essentially seven propositions. The sixth one ends with Wittgenstein telling us that anyone who understands what he's saying will realize it is nonsense. They will use his words, he tells us, like a ladder -- to climb up beyond them. His seventh and last proposition consists of a single sentence, which in German reads, "Woven man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen" and which C. K. Ogden translated into English as, "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent."

Now let's travel back in time 1300 years and gather in the Ta Fan Temple of Tang Dynasty China. Hui-neng, the Sixth Zen Patriarch, is reciting a verse he composed for those adherents of what he called the "Sudden School" of enlightenment. Let's listen to a few lines:

We should constantly set up the Light of Wisdom.

Erroneous views keep us in defilement

While right views remove us from it,

But when we are in a position to discard both of them

We are then absolutely pure,

Bodhi [Enlightenment] is immanent in our Essence of Mind [self-nature].

An attempt to look for it elsewhere is erroneous.

Within our impure mind the pure one is to be found ...

Right views are called 'transcendental';

Wrong views are called 'worldly'.

When all views, right or erroneous, are discarded

Then the essence of Bodhi appears.
 --[from the Sutra of Hui-neng, translated by Wong Mou-Lam, 1929]

I read the excerpt from Hui-neng before I read Tractatus and experienced something similar to a déjà vu moment when I read Wittgenstein's proposition seven.

In a sense, Hui-neng regards all views as being ultimately wrong. But let's not hastily conclude that we should discard all views right away. Not all views are equal. Some views lead us up beyond the words in which they are expressed -- Hui-neng calls these "transcendental" views. Other views lead us into more confusion. But even when our views point us towards the truth (the proverbial finger pointing to the moon), we must remember that words can never completely encompass the truth,

To completely encompass the truth, words would of necessity express literally "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." The truth in this context is synonymous with the totality of what is real. The totality of what is real is the whole universe -- or the whole multiverse, if there is more than one. So we are trying to use words to encompass what is all-encompassing. Words convey information about things by distinguishing what a thing is from what it is not, but something that encompasses everything leaves us with nothing to be distinguished from.

This all-encompassing reality is not an abstraction. It's what we mean when we speak of  "this present moment" or the "realness" of whatever we are experiencing right now. or when we speak of "consciousness-itself" or "awareness-itself."

There's an ancient Zen saying that the truth is like sweetness. There's no way to say what it is. But the moment you taste it, you know. So how do we taste the truth?  We fall awake!. We pay attention! 

No longer seeking to know the truth
nor trying to understand with words

I only sit

and listen to the sounds
of wind in the trees
and watch the shadows of the evening
lengthen into night